The reconstruction of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's German Pavilion in Barcelona Judd's work was showcased in 1964 at Green Gallery in Manhattan, as were Flavin's first fluorescent light works, while other leading Manhattan galleries like Leo Castelli Gallery and Pace Gallery also began to showcase artists focused on minimalist ideas. Dissatisfied with the intuitive and spontaneous qualities of Action Painting, and Abstract Expressionism more broadly, Minimalism as an art movement asserted that a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself and should omit any extra-visual association. Minimalism was in part a reaction against the painterly subjectivity of Abstract Expressionism that had been dominant in the New York School during the 1940s and 1950s. Minimalism in sculpture can be characterised by very simple geometric shapes often made of industrial materials like plastic, metal, aluminum, concrete, and fibreglass these materials are usually left raw or painted a solid colour. Minimalism in painting can be characterised by the use of the hard edge, linear lines, simple forms, and an emphasis on two dimensions. Examples of artists working in painting that are associated with Minimalism include Nassos Daphnis, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Robert Ryman and others those working in sculpture include Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, David Smith, Anthony Caro and more. Minimalism in visual art, sometimes called "minimal art", "literalist art" and "ABC Art", refers to a specific movement of artists that emerged in New York in the early 1960s in response to abstract expressionism. The word was first used in English in the early 20th century to describe a 1915 composition by the Soviet painter Kasimir Malevich, Black Square. It has accordingly been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman. The term minimalist often colloquially refers to anything or anyone that is spare or stripped to its essentials. Minimalism in music often features repetition and gradual variation, such as the works of La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Julius Eastman and John Adams. The movement is often interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism and modernism it anticipated contemporary postminimal art practices, which extend or reflect on minimalism's original objectives. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt and Frank Stella. In visual arts, music and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post– World War II in Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță, Bucharest, Romania, 2017, by Corina Dîndărean Top: Untitled, by Donald Judd, concrete sculpture, 1991, Israel MuseumĬentre: The Zollverein School of Management and Design Essen, Germany, 2005–2006, by SANAAīottom: House no.
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